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Motivationally significant agendas guide perception, thought and behaviour, helping one to define a 'self' and to regulate interactions with the environment. To investigate neural correlates of thinking about such agendas, we asked participants to think about their hopes and aspirations (promotion focus) or their duties and obligations (prevention focus) during functional magnetic resonance imaging and compared these self-reflection conditions with a distraction condition in which participants thought about non-self-relevant items. Self-reflection resulted in greater activity than distraction in dorsomedial frontal/anterior cingulate cortex and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, consistent with previous findings of activity in these areas during self-relevant thought. For additional medial areas, we report new evidence of a double dissociation of function between medial prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex, which showed relatively greater activity to thinking about hopes and aspirations, and posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus, which showed relatively greater activity to thinking about duties and obligations. One possibility is that activity in medial prefrontal cortex is associated with instrumental or agentic self-reflection, whereas posterior medial cortex is associated with experiential self-reflection. Another, not necessarily mutually exclusive, possibility is that medial prefrontal cortex is associated with a more inward-directed focus, while posterior cingulate is associated with a more outward-directed, social or contextual focus.
The retention of episodic-like memory is enhanced, in humans and animals, when something novel happens shortly before or after encoding. Using an everyday memory task in mice, we sought the neurons mediating this dopamine-dependent novelty effect, previously thought to originate exclusively from the tyrosine-hydroxylase-expressing (TH + ) neurons in the ventral tegmental area. Here we report that neuronal firing in the locus coeruleus is especially sensitive to environmental novelty, locus coeruleus TH + neurons project more profusely than ventral tegmental area TH + neurons to the hippocampus, optogenetic activation of locus coeruleus TH + neurons mimics the novelty effect, and this novelty-associated memory enhancement is unaffected by ventral tegmental area inactivation. Surprisingly, two effects of locus coeruleus TH + photoactivation are sensitive to hippocampal D 1 /D 5 receptor blockade and resistant to adrenoceptor blockade: memory enhancement and long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmission in CA1 ex vivo. Thus, locus coeruleus TH + neurons can mediate post-encoding memory enhancement in a manner consistent with possible co-release of dopamine in the hippocampus.
Random assortment within mammalian genomes juxtaposes genes with distinct expression profiles. This organization, along with the prevalence of long-range regulatory controls, generates a potential for aberrant transcriptional interactions. The human CD79b/GH locus contains six tightly linked genes with three mutually exclusive tissue specificities and interdigitated control elements. One consequence of this compact organization is that the pituitarycell-specific transcriptional events that activate hGH-N also trigger ectopic activation of CD79b. However, the B-cell-specific events that activate CD79b do not trigger reciprocal activation of hGH-N. Here we utilized DNase I hypersensitive site mapping, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and transgenic models to explore the basis for this asymmetric relationship. The results reveal tissue-specific patterns of chromatin structures and transcriptional controls at the CD79b/GH locus in B cells distinct from those in the pituitary gland and placenta. These three unique transcriptional environments suggest a set of corresponding gene expression pathways and transcriptional interactions that are likely to be found juxtaposed at multiple sites within the eukaryotic genome. PMID:16847312
Development of spontaneous melanoma in Xiphophorus interspecies backcross hybrid progeny, (X. hellerii [X. maculatus Jp 163 A X. hellerii]) is due to Mendelian segregation of a oncogene (xmrk) and a molecularly uncharacterized locus, called R(Diff), on LG5. R(Diff) is thought to suppresses the activity of xmrk in healthy X. maculatus Jp 163 A parental species that rarely develop melanoma. To better understand the molecular genetics of R(Diff), we utilized RNA-Seq to study allele-specific gene expression of spontaneous melanoma tumors and corresponding normal skin samples derived from 15 first generation backcross (BC1) hybrids and 13 fifth generation (BC5) hybrids. Allele-specific expression was determined for all genes and assigned to parental allele inheritance for each backcross hybrid individual. Results showed that genes residing in a 5.81 Mbp region on LG5 were exclusively expressed from the X. hellerii alleles in tumor-bearing BC1 hybrids. This observation indicates this region is consistently homozygous for X. hellerii alleles in tumor bearing animals, and therefore defines this region to be the R(Diff) locus. The R(Diff) locus harbors 164 gene models and includes the previously characterized R(Diff) candidate, cdkn2x. Twenty one genes in the R(Diff) region show differential expression in the tumor samples compared to normal skin tissue. These results further characterize the R(Diff) locus and suggest tumor suppression may require a multigenic region rather than a single gene variant. Differences in gene expression between tumor and normal skin tissue in this region may indicate interactions among several genes are required for backcross hybrid melanoma development. PMID:28345808 153554b96e
https://www.spef.pt/group/mysite-200-group/discussion/bdf79a41-76fe-4545-843a-183769c39083
https://www.guruventure.in/forum/untitled-category/cd-key-counter-strike-1-19