Vacuum Tube Design Software
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The SE amp cad program from TubeCad was a great help in the initial design stages of this amplifier. By trying out several different sets of operating conditions in the computer I could eliminate hundreds of possibilities without playing with electricity. How do you find a set of operating conditions that will work with 3 different tube families Well, document.write(\"\"); document.write(\"\"); I ran 3 different instances of TubeCad simultaneously. One was simulating the EL-34 amplifier (shown below) while another was simulating the 6L6 amplifier, and the third was crunching on the KT-88 amp. I tried each set of conditions on each simulation, and pushed the values around until I found a set that worked with all 3 tube types. Doing this with real amplifiers would take forever.
As mentioned before, there are limitations. TubeCad assumes triode strapped operation for all of the pentode tubes. There is a fixed list of tubes. All of the popular tubes are included. I used TubeCad extensively when designing the 845SE. It modeled A2 operation accurately. I don't know if it is possible to add a tube to the list. There is a fixed list of output transformers, they are all expensive transformers. The thought is that this allows you to optimize the amplifier CIRCUIT not the transformer. I just use the user defined parameters. TubeCad does not handle any type of local feedback. Even if it did, cathode feedback would not be accurate without an extensive model of the output transformer. Given these limitations, and the low price, I find it very useful during the initial design phase of an amplifier. It is also useful for \" how much power can I squeeze out of a given tube\" and \" how much B+ voltage will I need\" scenarios. I ran these simulations for 4 popular output tubes. The results are on the tubes and applications page. See this page if you are not building one of the standard configurations. More TubeCad simulations are shown of the PowerDrive cookbook page.
I also modeled the entire amplifier in LT spice. This is a freeware spice simulator downloadable from Linear Technology, the IC company. Vacuum tube models can be found on the internet. These came from Duncan Amps. I did this simulation in order to have a known starting point for developing some of my newest vacuum tube and hybrid circuitry.
Today's optical design software is based on the same principles of ray tracing, but makes design much easier. The software optimizes designs in a series of iterations, using criteria specified by the designer, with success depending on the designer's skill. Software has also gone far beyond designing lenses and mirrors to simulations of a wide variety of optical systems and devices, including lasers and nonlinear optics.
In 1953, Robert Hopkins at the University of Rochester began ray tracing and calculating third-order aberrations on an IBM card program computer. In 1956, Kodak switched to a Bendix G15 computer, a 950-lb. machine the size of a tall file cabinet that could trace about one ray-surface a second with its 450 vacuum tubes and 300 germanium diodes (see Fig. 1). Others followed: In 1962, Hopkins wrote \"Today practically all geometrical optical design is being done on digital computers.\"4 He expected large computers to soon replace small ones such as the G15.
By the mid-1960s, software was written in FORTRAN and batch-processed on decks of punched cards. By the time of the 1966 \"Lens Design with Large Computers\" conference in Rochester, computers had been accepted as a powerful tool for skilled designers. By 1970, early versions of current design software such as ACCOS V and CODE V had been developed. But with batch processing, designers had to wait hours for results of each run.
Our November 1990 issue listed 12 major lens-design software packages, with their origins in different eras. Of those that identified the programming language, three were written at least partly in FORTRAN, hearkening back to mainframes: ACCOS V from Harris Scientific Calculations, Code V from Optical Research Associates (now the optics division of Synopsys (Pasadena, CA), and SYNOPSYS from Optical Systems Design (Boothbay Harbor, ME). GENII-PLUS from Genessee Optics, OptiCAD from Opticomp Corp., OSLO, and parts of SYNOPSYS were written in C, a language first developed for minicomputers. SODA from Don Small Optics was written in Basic, primarily a PC language. Most were available for more than one operating system for workstations or PCs.
The need for user-friendly PC interfaces was stressed in the December 1990 issue by Michael Kidger of Kidger Optics (Crowborough, East Sussex, England). Ease of use had not been important with minicomputers because few nonspecialists could afford them. PCs were affordable, but user-hostile software discouraged nonspecialists from trying to design optics on them. Kidger was quick to embrace the Macintosh interface, and in late 1985 introduced a Mac version of its SIGMA optical design software, incorporating the pull-down menu interface we now consider standard.
Focus Software (Tucson, AZ) advertised its ZEMAX optical design program, but other new players offered other types of software. Breault Research Organization (Tucson, AZ) advertised ASAP for optical system analysis; Optiwave (Ste.-Foy, QC, Canada) advertised BPM_CAD to model and design optical waveguides; and OPTIS (Toulon, France) advertised SOLSTIS, which included laser beam propagation analysis (see Fig. 3).
In an article, Scott Weller of Optikwerk (Rochester, NY) described a database manager to track the optical design process, to be added to a new version of its Optikwerk design software. He said it would help designers share vital information with manufacturing engineers.
Modeling and simulation software, long used in laser research, also went commercial. In our January 2000 issue, J. Simon Li described simulation software from Crosslight Software (Vancouver, BC, Canada). The goal was to model effects such as temperature sensitivity of laser threshold that could lead to nonlinear effects and saturation of laser power to aid design optimization (see Fig. 4). \"Now anyone with a modest background in laser physics can apply commercial simulators to real-world problem solving and device optimization.\" Li wrote.
In our October 2010 issue, Ian Ashdown of byHeart Consulting (West Vancouver, BC, Canada) showed how ray tracing systems can make computer-generated images look realistic. Figure 5 renders complex interior lighting effects in a glass-wall building. \"The next generation of lighting design software will become the common tool of both lighting designers and architects,\" showing both daylight and artificial lighting effects.
In a July 2014 review of lens design software, we noted that some companies offered software to design both imaging and nonimaging systems. Synopsys offers LightTools for nonimaging applications, which can swap files with its CODE V application for imaging systems. Lambda Research offers TracePro for both imaging and nonimaging design, as well as a much-enhanced version of OSLO for imaging. Radiant Zemax (Redmond, WA) built illumination-system as well as imaging design into its OpticStudio software.
Photon Engineering (Tucson, AZ) includes both imaging and illumination design in its FRED Optical Engineering System. In a May 2015 review of biomedical optical design, Rich Pfisterer of Photon Engineering said FRED could serve as a virtual prototyping tool for optical hardware. \"FRED makes it possible to simulate the hardware in software rapidly and accurately, and so it is a cost-effective tool for many biomedical applications developers.\"
Optical design software has evolved to meet changing needs. Cell-phone cameras were a new idea 20 years ago. \"Nowadays most cameras in the world are in cell phones,\" says Freniere. The lenses must be tiny to fit into phones, and they must focus light onto tiny imaging arrays, requiring much higher performance than older lenses needed to focus onto 35 mm film. Advances in manufacturing allow production of exotic surfaces that perform well.
New software can optimize designs, but it takes expertise to get the best results, says Freniere. Designers need to know the right starting point for optimization models and how to strike the best balance among performance, cost, manufacturability, and such constraints as the tight size limits on cell-phone cameras.
In the 1990s, I was doing freelance writing and software. I still read Electronic Design, though, to keep up with the latest engineering side of things. I was building PCs and writing about the process for various publications. It was an exciting time as microcontrollers and microprocessors were the main focus on the digital side. DSPs were challenging analog designs with their flexibility and FPGAs became more available as well (Fig. 9).
About Vacuum Tube SoftwareThe resource is currently listed in dxzone.com in 5 categories. The main category is Vacuum Tube resources that is about Vacuum tube, electron tube, thermionic valve, valve resources.This link is listed in our web site directory since Friday Feb 9 2007, and till today \"Vacuum Tube Software\" has been followed for a total of 10250 times. So far received 24 votes for a total score of 3.67/10You may find other interesting sites similar to this one, under the following categories: Software/Utilities - Radio Tools and Utilities for amateur radio operators Software/Databases - directories and databases software for ham radio Software/Circuit Design - Electronic circuit design and misc. calculators Antique Radios/Parts and Tubes - Tubes for antique radio Technical Reference/Vacuum tube - Vacuum tube, electron tube, thermionic valve, valve resources Rate this resourcereceived 24 votes for a total score of 3.67/10---12345678910
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